Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)

What is Age-Related Macular Degeneration?

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive condition affecting the macula — the small central area of the retina responsible for your sharpest, most detailed vision. AMD causes loss of central vision but does not affect peripheral (side) vision, so it does not cause complete blindness.

AMD is the leading cause of severe central vision loss in people over 50 in the UK.

Two Types of AMD

Dry AMD (most common — around 85% of cases)

• Gradual thinning and breakdown of the macula over years
• Accumulation of small deposits called drusen beneath the retina
• Slow, progressive central vision loss
• No curative treatment currently, but AREDS2 supplements can slow progression in intermediate cases
• May convert to wet AMD — regular monitoring is essential

Wet AMD (less common but more severe)

• Abnormal blood vessels grow beneath the macula and leak fluid
• Can cause rapid and significant central vision loss — sometimes within days or weeks
• Requires urgent treatment with intravitreal (IVT) anti-VEGF injections
• Early treatment gives the best chance of preserving or improving vision

Symptoms

• Straight lines appearing wavy or distorted (a classic early warning sign)
• Blurred or hazy central vision
• A dark, blank, or grey spot in the centre of vision
• Colours appearing less vivid
• Difficulty reading, recognising faces, or watching television
• One eye affected more than the other initially

Risk Factors

• Age (over 50, risk increases significantly after 60)
• Smoking — the single most controllable risk factor
• Family history of AMD
• Caucasian ethnicity
• Prolonged UV exposure without sunglasses

When to Seek Help

• If straight lines appear wavy to you — test each eye separately and call promptly
• If you notice any sudden change in central vision in either eye — same day
• If your optometrist identifies drusen or early AMD changes at a routine check

Any sudden deterioration in central vision is urgent — call 01732 756789 immediately.

Treatment

Dry AMD: monitoring, AREDS2 supplements, lifestyle modifications, home Amsler grid monitoring. Wet AMD: regular intravitreal anti-VEGF injections given at CES Medical clinics.